{"id":6697,"date":"2020-02-20T15:36:46","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T19:36:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/?p=6697"},"modified":"2020-02-20T15:36:46","modified_gmt":"2020-02-20T19:36:46","slug":"berry-linton-v-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/2020\/02\/20\/berry-linton-v-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Berry (Linton) v R"},"content":{"rendered":"

Berry (Linton) v R<\/b><\/p>\n

JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL<\/span><\/p>\n

LORD KEITH OF KINKEL, LORD ROSKILL, LORD ACKNER, LORD JAUNCEY OF TULLICHETTLE AND LORD LOWRY<\/span><\/p>\n

29, 30 JANUARY, 4 FEBRUARY, 15 JUNE 1992<\/span><\/p>\n

Criminal evidence \u2013 Prosecution evidence \u2013 Disclosure to defence \u2013 Statements by crucial prosecution witnesses not disclosed to defence \u2013 Significant discrepancies between evidence in court and statements \u2013 Discrepancies not brought to attention of defence \u2013 Witness\u2019s evidence in court not foreshadowed at preliminary inquiry \u2013 Material irregularity<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Criminal evidence \u2013 Character evidence \u2013 Relevance to credibility \u2013 Failure of trial judge to bring relevance to attention of jury \u2013 Defence depending on accused\u2019s credibility \u2013 Material irregularity<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Criminal law \u2013 Jury \u2013 Return to court for help \u2013 Help sought in relation to the facts \u2013 Judge giving only general guidance without ascertaining actual problem \u2013 Possibility of material irregularity<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

The appellant shot and killed his victim in January 1987.\u00a0 On the following day the victim\u2019s husband (Z) made a statement to the police, as did the victim\u2019s sister (M).\u00a0 The statements alleged that the appellant had confessed to the killing and had previously threatened to kill his victim.\u00a0 In May 1987 M also made an \u2018addendum\u2019 to her earlier statement. The appellant\u2019s defence to a charge of murder was that the killing had been an accident.\u00a0 The evidence of Z and M was crucial as a counter to the defence plea. Apart from two short and damning extracts from Z\u2019s statement, none of the statements came to the attention of the defence until three days before the presentation of the petition for special leave to appeal to the Privy Council.\u00a0 At the appellant\u2019s trial the evidence of Z and M contained a small but not insignificant number of discrepancies when compared with their statements to the police; only one discrepancy was disclosed by the prosecution to the defence. Also, important evidence was adduced by Z and M which had not been foreshadowed in their depositions (recorded at the preliminary inquiry).\u00a0 The trial judge, in summing up, failed to point out to the jury that the appellant\u2019s good character was primarily relevant to the question of credibility. After the jury had been out for an hour they returned to court with a query relating to the evidence; the trial judge having briefly summarised the factual contest, referred again to the burden of proof and reminded the jury that they were the judges of fact before sending them<\/span> 244<\/b> back to their deliberations without having ascertained what their problem had been.\u00a0 The appellant was convicted of murder and his appeal to the Court of Appeal was dismissed.\u00a0 He appealed by special leave to the Privy Council.<\/span><\/p>\n

Held<\/b>, allowing the appeal and remitting the case to the Court of Appeal for either an order of acquittal or an order for a new trial, that (although there was a strong case against the appellant) it was not inevitable that the jury would have convicted him had the defence been furnished in advance with the three statements made by Z and M, had the jury received a proper direction on the evidence as to character and had they received guidance from the trial judge on the factual problem indicated when they first returned to court; the failure to furnish the statements to the defence and the failure to give an adequate direction as to character evidence constituted material irregularities in the proceedings, and the failure to give guidance on a factual problem might, according to circumstances, also have been such.<\/span><\/p>\n

Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions <\/span><\/i>[1935] AC 462, <\/span>Davies and Cody v R <\/span><\/i>(1937) 57 CLR 170, <\/span>Stirland v Director of Public Prosecutions <\/span><\/i>[1944] AC 315, <\/span>Baksh v R <\/span><\/i>[1958] AC 167, <\/span>Anderson v R <\/span><\/i>[1972] AC 100, and<\/span> R v Maguire <\/span><\/i>[1992] 2 WLR 767, applied.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Purvis and Hughes<\/span><\/i> (1968) 13 WIR 507, <\/span>R v Barrett<\/span><\/i> (1970) 16 WIR 267, and<\/span> R v Grant and Hewitt<\/span><\/i> (1971) 12 Jamaica LR 585, approved.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cases referred to in the opinion of the Board<\/b><\/p>\n

Anderson v R<\/span><\/i> [1972] AC 100, [1972] 3 WLR 718, PC.<\/span><\/p>\n

Attorney-General\u2019s guidelines for the disclosure of unused material<\/span><\/i>; see<\/span> Practice Note (criminal evidence; unused material<\/span><\/i>), infra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Baksh v R<\/span><\/i> [1958] AC 167, [1958] 2 WLR 536, PC.<\/span><\/p>\n

Davies and Cody v R<\/span><\/i> (1937) 57 CLR 170, Australia High Court.<\/span><\/p>\n

Flanagan v Fahy<\/span><\/i> [1918] 2 IR 361.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fox v General Medical Council<\/span><\/i> [1960] 3 All ER 526, [1960] 1 WLR 1017.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jencks v United States<\/span><\/i>, 353 US 657, United States Supreme Court.<\/span><\/p>\n

People (The) of the State of New York v Rosario<\/span><\/i>, 213 NYS 2d 448 (1961), New York Court of Appeals.<\/span><\/p>\n

Practice Note (criminal evidence; unused material) <\/span><\/i>[1982] 1 All ER 734, 74 Cr App Rep 302 (Attorney-General\u2019s guidelines for the disclosure of unused material).<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Ashley<\/span><\/i> [1987] 2 All ER 605, [1987] 1 WLR 712, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Barrett<\/span><\/i> (1970) 16 WIR 267, 12 Jamaica LR 179, Jamaica CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Beck<\/span><\/i> [1982] 1 All ER 807, [1982] 1 WLR 461, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Bellis<\/span><\/i> [1966] 1 All ER 552 note, [1966] 1 WLR 234, England CCA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Berrada<\/span><\/i> (1989) 91 Cr App Rep 131 note, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Clarke<\/span><\/i> (1930) 22 Cr App Rep 58, England CCA.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0245<\/b><\/p>\n

R v Cohen<\/span><\/i> (1990) 91 Cr App Rep 125, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Falconer-Atlee<\/span><\/i> (1973) 58 Cr App Rep 348, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Foxford<\/span><\/i> [1974] NI 181, Northern Ireland CCA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Grant and Hewitt<\/span><\/i> (1971) 12 Jamaica LR 585, Jamaica CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Hall<\/span><\/i> (1958) 43 Cr App Rep 29.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v McKenna<\/span><\/i> [1960] 1 QB 411, [1960] 1 All ER 326, [1960] 2 WLR 306, England CCA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Maguire<\/span><\/i> [1992] 2 All ER 433, [1992] 2 WLR 767, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Marr<\/span><\/i> (1989) 90 Cr App Rep 154, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Purvis and Hughes<\/span><\/i> (1968) 13 WIR 507, Jamaica CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Spencer<\/span><\/i> [1987] AC 128, [1986] 3 All ER 928, [1986] 3 WLR 348, HL.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Stinchcombe<\/span><\/i> (1991) unreported, 7 November, Canada Supreme Court.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Walhein<\/span><\/i> (1952) 36 Cr App Rep 167, England CCA.<\/span><\/p>\n

R v Watson<\/span><\/i> [1988] QB 690, [1988] 1 All ER 897, [1988] 2 WLR 1156, England CA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stirland v Director of Public Prosecutions <\/span><\/i>[1944] AC 315, [1944] 2 All ER 13, HL.<\/span><\/p>\n

Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions <\/span><\/i>[1935] AC 462, [1935] All ER Rep 1, HL.<\/span><\/p>\n

Appeal<\/b><\/p>\n

Linton Berry appealed by special leave to the Judicial Committee (Privy Council appeal 40 of 1990) against the dismissal of his appeal to the Court of Appeal of Jamaica against his conviction for murder in the Home circuit court, Kingston, on 22 March 1988.\u00a0 The facts are set out in the opinion of the Board delivered by Lord Lowry.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roy Amlot QC<\/span><\/i> and<\/span> Richard Small<\/span><\/i> (instructed by Simons, Muirhead & Burton) for the appellant.<\/span><\/p>\n

Glen Andrade QC<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Director of Public Prosecutions<\/span><\/i>, and<\/span> James Guthrie <\/span><\/i>(instructed by Charles Russell) for the Crown.<\/span><\/p>\n

Their Lordships took time for consideration.<\/span><\/p>\n

15 June 1992.\u00a0 The following judgment was delivered.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lord Lowry<\/b> delivered the opinion of the Board.\u00a0 This is an appeal by special leave of Her Majesty in Council granted on 24 July 1990 from the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Jamaica given on 10 November 1989 and dismissing the appellant\u2019s appeal against his conviction on 22 March 1988 in the Home circuit court, Kingston, Jamaica for the murder of Paulette Zaidie (\u2018Paulette\u2019) on 11 January 1987.<\/span><\/p>\n

Paulette died as a result of a head wound inflicted by a single bullet fired at point black range (3 to 5 inches) from the appellant\u2019s Smith & Wesson .44 revolver.\u00a0 Her body was found in the driver\u2019s seat of her own jeep, a left-hand drive model. Another bullet fired from the same revolver had entered the outside of the driver\u2019s (that is, the left-hand) door of the jeep and passed<\/span> 246<\/b> through to the edge of the driver\u2019s seat without striking Paulette.\u00a0 There was no independent witness to the shooting.<\/span><\/p>\n

The prosecution case was that the appellant had fired deliberately at Paulette.\u00a0 It relied both on the circumstances of the shooting and on a confession alleged to have been made by telephone by the appellant to Paulette\u2019s husband, Jimmy Zaidie (\u2018Zaidie\u2019) immediately after the shooting, and also on threats previously made by the appellant to kill Paulette, as alleged by the prosecution and as testified to in evidence by Zaidie and by Daphne Matadial (\u2018Matadial\u2019), Paulette\u2019s sister.<\/span><\/p>\n

The appellant accepted as a fact that he was holding the revolver when the fatal shot was discharged, but the case for the defence was that the revolver went off accidentally in the course of a struggle during which the appellant forcibly placed Paulette in the driver\u2019s seat.\u00a0 The appellant, who gave evidence at the trial, also denied that he had confessed to Zaidie and further denied that he had ever made any threats against Paulette, as alleged by Zaidie and Matadial.<\/span><\/p>\n

Before the shooting Melrose Spence, a friend of the appellant, saw him sitting on the bonnet of his car, talking to someone in a jeep.\u00a0 John Johnson said in evidence that he heard two shots and saw the appellant\u2019s car reverse and then drive away from the scene \u2018like a jet\u2019.\u00a0 The ballistic expert\u2019s evidence was that the appellant\u2019s gun was fitted with a hammer block safety mechanism, which was in proper working order, so that it could only be fired if the trigger was fully pressed back.\u00a0 The minimum pressure needed to fire the gun (cocking and firing) was 7\u00bd lb, or (if the gun had been already manually cocked) 2lb, a heavy pressure in either case.<\/span><\/p>\n

By the time that the appeal had reached this Board, the appellant\u2019s case had reduced itself to seven heads.\u00a0 In view of the conclusion which their Lordships have reached, namely that the appellant\u2019s conviction should be quashed and that it must be for the Court of Criminal Appeal in Jamaica to say whether a new trial should be ordered, their Lordships consider that it is unnecessary, and indeed undesirable in the interests of justice, to examine the rival contentions and the facts to which they relate with the same particularity as their Lordships would have felt bound to do if their recommendation had been in favour of dismissing the appeal.\u00a0 Four of the appellant\u2019s submissions can be disposed of quite shortly.<\/span><\/p>\n

As already stated, the appellant\u2019s real defence was one of accident, but that did not dispense with the need for the judge to leave the issue of provocation to the jury if there was any evidence to justify that course; and the appellant contended that the judge was wrong to have directed the jury that provocation did not arise for their consideration.\u00a0 Their Lordships, however, mindful that one of the recommended courses open to the Court of Criminal Appeal is to order a new trial, are of the opinion that<\/span> on the evidence adduced at the original trial<\/span><\/i> the judge was right to direct the jury as he did.<\/span><\/p>\n

The appellant submitted, consistently with the conduct of the defence at the trial, that the trial judge ought not to have excluded his evidence, or any other admissible evidence which he could have elicited by cross-examination, <\/span>\u00a0247<\/b>tending to show that Paulette was addicted to drugs in the form of cocaine and ganja cigarettes, the appellant\u2019s object being to show that Paulette\u2019s conduct just before the shooting rendered more credible the now irrelevant defence of provocation and the defence of accident.\u00a0 Their Lordships concede that the judge erroneously classed as hearsay some evidence which, although tenuous, was admissible; but they consider that the evidence of Paulette\u2019s drug addiction could not, if admitted, have affected the outcome, particularly having regard to the fact that the appellant\u2019s own evidence did not tend to show that Paulette was affected by drugs at the material time.<\/span><\/p>\n

A third point was that Crown counsel at the trial, Mr Pantry, improperly tried to cross-examine the appellant and also commented to the jury on the appellant\u2019s exercise of the right to silence and that the trial judge was wrong not to correct him.\u00a0 About ten hours after the shooting the appellant attended the local police station with his attorney. He was reminded of his right of silence by being cautioned on two occasions within a short time of his arrival and, acting on the advice of his attorney, he remained silent when he might have been expected to explain that the shooting had been due to an accident.\u00a0 Undoubtedly Crown counsel\u2019s comment was improper, but when summing up the trial judge said, \u2018an accused man having been cautioned is under no obligation to say anything. The law gives him that right. You cannot use it adversely against him\u2019. Therefore the real complaint is that the judge did not correct Crown counsel at the time. Their Lordships are satisfied with the course taken by the trial judge and are further satisfied that the adverse effect on the jury from the appellant\u2019s point of view was in the end no greater than it would have been if counsel had not made his improper observation.\u00a0 To find the best way in which to correct such an observation and to nullify its effect always poses a problem for the judge because, if he intervenes immediately, the effect will probably be to emphasise the obvious relevance and cogency of the comment which ought not to have been made.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another complaint was that the trial judge failed to give the jury any warning about the evidence of Zaidie and Matadial as witnesses who may have had a purpose of their own to serve or whose evidence could be tainted by an improper motive.\u00a0 The appellant pointed to the close relationship of those witnesses and Paulette, the background of tension and domestic strife and the animosity of each of them towards the appellant and stressed the ease with which their evidence could have been fabricated and the absence of corroboration.\u00a0 While not inviting the Board to adopt in regard to Zaidie and Matadial a rule such as that which applies to accomplices, the alleged victims of sexual assaults and young children, the appellant submitted that there was an obligation (not performed in this case) to advise the jury to proceed with caution where there was material to suggest that the evidence of the witnesses might be tainted by an improper motive.<\/span><\/p>\n

It must have been obvious to the jury that these witnesses were in a special position, one as the husband of a woman with whom the appellant had had an intimate relationship and the other as the sister of the deceased, whom<\/span> 248<\/b> the appellant had shot, according to himself, accidentally.\u00a0 The judge would not have erred had he drawn attention to the circumstances (which were in fact plain for all to see), but their Lordships reject the adoption of any rule which would impose new obligations on trial judges in their approach to the consideration of witnesses\u2019 evidence and they refer to the judgment delivered by Ackner LJ in<\/span> R v Beck<\/span><\/i> [1982] 1 WLR 461, as well as to his speech in<\/span> R v Spencer<\/span><\/i> [1987] AC 128 at pages 138 to 142.<\/span><\/p>\n

In this case by far the most important ground of appeal was the contention that written statements made by Zaidie and Matadial to the police and not disclosed before or during the trial had been wrongly withheld from the appellant and his advisers.\u00a0 Zaidie and Matadial were the most important Crown witnesses to the facts, or alleged facts, which preceded and followed the shooting and one of the statements was made by Zaidie to the police on 12 January 1987, the day after the shooting, one by Matadial on the same day and an addendum by Matadial was made on 9 May 1987.\u00a0 Indeed, none of these statements, apart from two short but damning extracts from Zaidie\u2019s statement which the prosecution put into evidence, came to light at all (and consequently were not available to the Court of Appeal) until 20 July 1990, three days before the presentation of the petition for special leave to appeal, when they were furnished to the appellant\u2019s advisers at the insistence of Mr Guthrie who had by then been instructed on behalf of the Crown.\u00a0 Counsel\u2019s action of course does not resolve the question whether some or all of these statements ought or ought not to have been disclosed earlier and it will now be convenient to state the accepted procedure with regard to statements, as described in the Crown\u2019s case, and the relevant principles as set forth in the Jamaican authorities.<\/span><\/p>\n

When investigating offences in Jamaica the police take from potential witnesses written statements which are not, however, used for the purpose of committing accused persons for trial.\u00a0 The witness gives oral evidence at the preliminary inquiry in the magistrate\u2019s court which is recorded in the form of a deposition. The accused, if committed, is given copies of the depositions, but is not provided with copies of the statements taken by the police except when the Crown intends to call a witness who did not give evidence at the preliminary inquiry, in which case the Crown will serve the defence with a notice of intention and a copy of the witnesses\u2019s statement.<\/span><\/p>\n

There is also a rule of practice under which Crown counsel owes a duty to inform the defence of any material discrepancy between the contents of a witnes\u2019s statement and the evidence given by that witness at the trial.\u00a0 The duty may in addition require Crown counsel to show the statement to the defence. If any question arises as to this, the defence is entitled, and is under a duty, to invite the trial judge to exercise the discretionary power given to him by section 17 of the Evidence Act, which corresponds exactly to section 5 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1865 and reads as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing, or reduced into writing, relative to the subject matter of<\/span> 249<\/b> the cause, without such writing being shown to him; but if it is intended to contradict such witness by writing, his attention must, before such contradictory proof can be given, be called to those parts of the writing which are to be used for the purpose of so contradicting him:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Provided always, that it shall be competent for the judge at any time during the trial, to require the production of the writing for his inspection, and he may thereupon make such use of it for the purpose of the trial as he shall think fit.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In relation to the disclosure to the defence of material in the possession of the prosecution, the key is fairness to the accused; but the practice varies between different jurisdictions in the common law world.\u00a0 In Jamaica there are three guideline decisions of the Court of Appeal, <\/span>R v Purvis and Hughes<\/span><\/i> (1968) 13 WIR 507, <\/span>R v Barrett<\/span><\/i> (1970) 16 WIR 267 and<\/span> R v Grant and Hewitt<\/span><\/i> (1971) 12 Jamaica LR 585, which confirm the practice described in the Crown\u2019s case.<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span> Purvis<\/span><\/i>, which involved the identification of the driver of a car, counsel submitted that the trial judge should have granted his application to see the statement of the Crown witness who had given the police a description of the driver.\u00a0 That argument was rejected because there was no suggestion that there was any discrepancy or inconsistency between the evidence of the witnesses and their earlier police statements. Waddington acting P, giving the judgment of the Court of Appeal, referred to the trial judge\u2019s rulings, and to<\/span> R v Hall<\/span><\/i> (1958) 43 Cr App Rep 29, <\/span>R v Clarke<\/span><\/i> (1930) 22 Cr App Rep 58, and Archbold\u2019s<\/span> Criminal Pleading, Evidence & Practice<\/span><\/i> (36 Edn) (1966), paragraph 1374, and continued (at page 512):<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018It is to be noted in the instant case that no suggestion was made by defence counsel that there was any discrepancy or inconsistency between the evidence which the witnesses had given in court and the statements given to the police.\u00a0 If there was in fact any such material discrepancy or inconsistency it would have been the duty of counsel for the Crown to inform the defence of the fact, and indeed the trial judge expressly referred to Crown counsel\u2019s duty in this respect.\u00a0 Crown counsel did not make any offer of the statements and in the circumstances the trial judge was entitled to assume that there were no discrepancies or inconsistencies therein and to refuse to order production of the statements. We had no doubt that if there was the slightest suggestion that the statements differed materially from the evidence given by the witnesses the trial judge would have called for these statements and examined them himself and if necessary would have made them available to the defence.\u00a0 We did not think therefore that there was any merit in this ground of appeal.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In<\/span> Barrett<\/span><\/i>, where again the accused applied unsuccessfully for leave to appeal against conviction, the defence contended that the trial judge should have allowed them to see the statement of a witness who had identified the<\/span> 250<\/b> accused at an identification parade ten days after the commission of the offence, on the ground that, the witness having stated that she had given a description of the accused to the police, the defence were entitled as a matter of law to know the details of that description for the purpose of cross-examining the witness and testing her credibility.\u00a0 Distinguishing<\/span> Clarke<\/span><\/i> and<\/span> Hall<\/span><\/i>, Shelley JA, delivering the judgment of the court, observed that the defence is entitled to see such a statement, not by virtue of any general rule of law, but by virtue of the prosecution\u2019s duty to inform the defence of statements in their possession made by a witness whose evidence at the trial differs substantially from what has been said in the statements.\u00a0 Citing with approval<\/span> Clark<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Archbold<\/span><\/i> and<\/span> Purvis<\/span><\/i>, he stated (at page 268):<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018The \u201cright\u201d to see statements in the possession of the prosecution is therefore really a rule of practice described in terms of the ethics of the profession and based upon the concept of counsel for the Crown as minister of justice whose prime concern is its fair and impartial administration.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The judgment concluded (at page 269):<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018If, therefore, for any unhappy reason, counsel for the defence is unable to accept the assumption which stems from the fact that a particular statement has not been made available to him by the prosecution, it would become counsel\u2019s duty to invite the judge to exercise the discretionary power which is given to him by the proviso to section 17 of the Evidence Law, by examining the statement himself and directing that it be used in such manner as the justice of the case demands.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018In this case the judge was not so invited and counsel may not complain of failure to exercise the discretionary power in the proviso because the judge was entitled to rest his judgment on the assumption referred to above.\u00a0 The application is therefore refused.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

The case of<\/span> Grant<\/span><\/i>, although it adds nothing to the established principles, is an example of inconsistent previous statements wrongly withheld by the Crown at the trial but properly, if belatedly, disclosed on appeal, so that a conviction depending on evidence of identification was quashed for want of a fair trial.<\/span><\/p>\n

These principles are fully consistent with paragraph 1374 of<\/span> Archbold<\/span><\/i> (36 Edn) (1966) and the cases there cited and paragraph 4\u2013179 of the 41 edition (1982), which was written just before the publication of the<\/span> Attorney-General\u2019s guidelines<\/span><\/i> (applicable to England and Wales) <\/span>for the disclosure of unused material<\/span><\/i> (1981) 74 Cr App R 302.\u00a0 Paragraph 4\u2013278 of the 44 edition (1992) of<\/span> Archbold<\/span><\/i> is to the same effect, although it must be read in the light of the<\/span> guidelines<\/span><\/i>, which their Lordships find it unnecessary for present purposes to consider.\u00a0 It is enough to say that paragraph 2 of the<\/span> guidelines<\/span><\/i> contains a general requirement for the prosecution to disclose <\/span>\u00a0251<\/b>\u2018unused material\u2019 to the defence, consisting of witness statements and documents which are not included in the committal bundle, but this requirement is qualified by a number of exceptions listed in paragraph 6.\u00a0 Two aspect of the common law position set out in<\/span> Archbold<\/span><\/i>, which are relevant to the present appeal, are illustrated by a passage in the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in Northern Ireland in<\/span> R v Foxford<\/span><\/i> [1974] NI 181 at page 200:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018Where in the ordinary course a person gives a statement to the police and later comes to give evidence for the Crown, the defence cannot inspect in advance such statement \u2026 The defence can call in court for the statement but, if it does, it may make the statement evidence, possibly to the detriment of the accused.\u00a0 The Crown ought of course to offer the statement to the defence if the statement is materially at variance with the maker\u2019s evidence in court, but in this regard the trial judge has to rely on the Crown\u2019s discretion and propriety. In certain circumstances the trial judge might feel that the facts relating to the making of statements such as those made in this case to Mr O\u2019Hanlon were so unusual as to justify him in directing the prosecution to furnish them to the defence, but this must be a matter within the discretion of the trial judge.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Their Lordships were shown a judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada delivered on 7 November 1991, in an appeal entitled<\/span> R v Stinchcombe<\/span><\/i> from which it appears that (partly in reliance on section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms) a much wider view is taken of the prosecution\u2019s duty of disclosure of documents to the defence, namely that (subject to certain discretions as to whether and when disclosure should be made) the Crown has a legal duty to disclose all relevant information to the defence on the basis that:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018the fruits of the investigation which are in its possession are not the property of the Crown for use in securing a conviction but the property of the public to be used to ensure that justice is done.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In<\/span> The People of the State of New York v Rosario<\/span><\/i>, 213 NYS 2d 448 (1961), four members of the Court of Appeals of New York, adopting the view of the United States Supreme Court in<\/span> Jencks v United States<\/span><\/i>, 353 US 657, ruled that the entire previous statements of prosecution witnesses ought to be shown to defence counsel after the direct examination with a view to his cross-examining those witnesses and attacking their credibility, saying that counsel were best able to decide what use could be made of the statements, whereas three members of the court took a narrower view and, following the line of authority which had hitherto prevailed in New York, held that defence counsel could examine and use only those portions of a statement which, according to the view of the trial judge, contained variances from a witness\u2019s evidence.\u00a0 In the event the conviction for capital murder was<\/span> 252<\/b> affirmed on the ground that (the evidence being overwhelming) there had been no miscarriage of justice, despite the majority\u2019s view that the trial judge had been in error.<\/span><\/p>\n

Having examined the practice in different common law jurisdictions, their Lordships consider that the principles endorsed by the Jamaican Court of Appeal, particularly with regard to inconsistent previous statements, represent what will normally be an acceptable way of achieving fairness to the accused and they take the opportunity of saying that in a civilised community the most suitable ways of achieving such fairness (which should not be immutable and require to be reconsidered from time to time) are best left to, and devised by, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary which serve that community and are familiar with its problems.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bearing in mind the reference by Shelley JA, in<\/span> R v Barrett<\/span><\/i> (1970) 16 WIR 267 at page 268 to the concept of counsel for the Crown as \u2018minister of justice whose prime concern is its fair and impartial administration\u2019, their Lordships, while not feeling bound to accept in relation to Jamaica the comprehensive principles, almost amounting to criminal discovery, which the appellant has attempted to rely on, recognise that the<\/span> Purvis \u2013 Barrett<\/span><\/i> principles do not cover every situation in which fairness may demand that the prosecution make available material to the defence.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since the defence must be given a copy of the statement of a proposed witness who has not made a deposition, it must follow that, if a Crown witness\u2019s evidence is intended to depart significantly from his deposition and to be based on his statement to the police, it is the duty of the Crown to give the defence a copy of that statement in advance of the hearing.\u00a0 An analogy is the need to serve a notice of intention to adduce additional evidence of a witness who has already given evidence in the committal proceedings. Furthermore, the affidavit sworn on 24 May 1990 of Mr Richard Small, the appellant\u2019s counsel at the trial, deposes that on 29 July 1982 the Director of Public Prosecutions of Jamaica issued to all Crown counsel and clerks of the court a memorandum which stated:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018Where the prosecution intends to lead evidence of verbal admissions or confessions, the defence should always be alerted<\/span> before the start of the case<\/span><\/i> of such intention and the terms of the admissions\/confessions so as to give the defence an opportunity to determine whether or not to challenge the admissibility of the evidence.\u2019\u00a0 [<\/span>emphasis supplied by deponent<\/span><\/i>]<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zaidie\u2019s evidence at the trial included the following points: (a) that one night in June 1986 at Illusions night-club the appellant had said that he was having an affair with Paulette and that, if Zaidie ever laid a hand on her, he would kill him; (b) that later on the same night, after Zaidie had reached home, the appellant had driven there with another man and confronted him with a gun and had said that he had come to move out Paulette; (c) that after that incident, but still in June 1986, when Zaidie was driving into a friend\u2019s house, the appellant drove up and, saying that he had heard that<\/span> 253<\/b> Zaidie had hit Paulette, again threatened to kill him if he touched her; (d) that very late on 6 January 1987 the appellant telephoned Zaidie and said that Paulette was with him; she then arrived at Zaidie\u2019s house, followed by the appellant; on entering the house, the appellant said that he was unhappy at Paulette\u2019s having married Zaidie and that he was going to obtain a copy of the marriage certificate and would shoot Paulette if she had married while she was still talking to the appellant (the date of the marriage was actually 10 December 1986); and (e) that on 9 January 1987 the appellant repeated that threat at the night-club in conversation with Zaidie and Paulette.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zaidie\u2019s deposition referred to conversations (a) and (d) but not to any threats.\u00a0 Incidents (b) and (c) were not mentioned. With reference to incident (e), the deposition attributed to the appellant the statement that he would \u2018do something drastic\u2019.\u00a0 The statement of 12 January 1987 was completely consistent with Zaidie\u2019s evidence on incidents (a) to (e), except that it did not mention a threat in connection with incident (d).\u00a0 Zaidie\u2019s statement also contained damaging but inadmissible evidence of threats allegedly uttered to Paulette and Zaidie\u2019s brother which was not adduced at the trial. Zaidie\u2019s deposition, it should be added, contained a statement that about 20 or 21 December 1986, on Zaidie\u2019s return from his honeymoon in Miami, the appellant had telephoned him and had said that he was sorry for the threats he had made against the lives of Zaidie and Paulette.\u00a0 This call was mentioned in Zaidie\u2019s evidence but not in his statement. Apart from this last point and Zaidie\u2019s description of the words used by the appellant when he telephoned Zaidie after the shooting, the impression is created that Mr Pantry was examining the witness out of his statement rather than his deposition. It may also be noted that there is a discrepancy between the statement and the evidence with regard to the December telephone call and incident (d) above.<\/span><\/p>\n

Matadial referred in some detail in her evidence to five or six occasions between October 1986 and the end of the year when she had discussed with the appellant his frequent beating and threatening of Paulette.\u00a0 The only similar reference in her deposition is to a conversation on 9 January 1987:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018I told him that he is violent, has mistreated her very badly, have been trigger happy and whatever kindness he might have done for her he had cancelled by beatings and threats he had made on her life.\u00a0 He said, \u201cDaphne, even though she is married now, I am willing to forget the bad talks that were going around about him being foolish and wanting her back\u201d.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Her evidence about being telephoned late at night on 11 January 1987 (when her husband answered and passed the receiver to her) was that the caller was female and that the call lasted three to five minutes.\u00a0 She then went to the scene of the shooting. In the deposition the caller was simply \u2018a person\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0254<\/b><\/p>\n

In cross-examination she agreed that she gave the police a statement and, when asked how many statements she gave, replied, \u2018I gave one statement to the investigating officer \u2026 the date after Paulette was murdered\u2019.\u00a0 Crown counsel never sought by reference to the May addendum to correct the witness or to clarify what she meant by \u2018one statement\u2019, nor did he reveal to defence counsel the existence of the May addendum.<\/span><\/p>\n

Matadial\u2019s statement of 12 January 1987, like her deposition, did not mention the conversations in 1986 but did refer to that of 9 January, but her account in the statement of her telephone call on 11 January was that, when her husband gave her the receiver, she recognised the voice of the appellant who said, \u2018I have just shot Paulette.\u00a0 She is at Jacks Hill service station\u2019. There was thus a material discrepancy between the 12 January statement and the evidence at the trial, albeit in favour of the appellant, so far as the evidence given was concerned.<\/span><\/p>\n

As already mentioned, there was another statement, the very existence of which was not disclosed by the Crown or by the witness herself.\u00a0 It was headed \u2018Addendum to statement of Daphne Matadial\u2019, typed and signed \u2018Daphne Matadial 9 <\/span>[sic]<\/span><\/i>.5.87.\u2019 and reads as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018Addendum to statement of Daphne Matadial<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u2018I had reason to ask [the appellant] to come and see me because of reports made by Paulette to me of his violent treatment to her.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Paulette, [the appellant] and I sat down on at least five occasions to discuss his treatment to Paulette.\u00a0 To this he answered \u201cDaphne, I respect you very much and I respect your husband very much, and because of this I am going to tell you the truth.\u00a0 I did hide in the upstairs of her apartment in a mask with a gun and (violently) terrorised her, because she doesn\u2019t want to go out with me any more\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018I said to him \u201cIsn\u2019t that because you have been labelled a gangster who fights, and is a total embarrassment.\u00a0 She cannot speak to anyone for fear you will fight them. You have beaten her on many occasions with your gun, tore off her clothes, threatened to shoot her, kicked her down (in your anger), put your foot in her stomach, caused her bodily harm and wounded her.\u00a0 She is asking you to leave her, and not come back to see her\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018I further said to [the appellant] \u201cYou set men to watch her, you trail her and found her at Gloria Chin\u2019s house and there you threatened to kill her with your gun, but she escaped you.\u00a0 You have told me you had a ticket to Miami to go and shoot herself and Jimmy Zaidie but you cancelled it, although I know you did go to Miami subsequently (around Christmas time 1986) to carry out your threat\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018I often suggested to [the appellant] to leave Paulette and find another woman whom he could get along with and stop mistreating her.\u00a0 At a later date when he had further discussions with me I advised him not to harass Paulette any more because I will be reporting it to my attorney and the police.\u00a0 I spoke to him like a mother but he was determined to put an end<\/span> 255<\/b> to her life, so on 11th January 1987, when Paulette was leaving the home of her friends on the way to her own home, [the appellant] stopped her and shot her and then placed a call to my home to inform me of the murder.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018During the time preceding her death, I have had to hide Paulette at my home with my gate guarded.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018[The appellant] is a violent man who told me of his past and of his having shot and killed at least three other men.\u00a0 I advised Paulette to come and live with me, or with our cousin. While she was tying to do this, he went to the apartment and beat her, wounding her in the head for which she was treated at hospital.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In an affidavit sworn on 17 December 1991 \u2018to assist the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in relation to the conduct of the appellant\u2019s trial\u2019 Mr Pantry stated that the addendum was in the case file which was given to him when he was assigned to prosecute.\u00a0 He continued:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018I did not know, and do not know, in what circumstances this document came into existence.\u00a0 It is possible that it could have been left with the registry in this office and that it reached the case file as a result, but I cannot be sure.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Their Lordships are both surprised and disappointed that, right up to the time when this appeal was heard by the Board, no information has been forthcoming to explain how the addendum came into existence and came to be typed, or whether this further statement was sought by the investigating authority or volunteered by the witness.\u00a0 That is a most unsatisfactory state of affairs which, in the absence of an explanation, reflects no credit on the prosecuting authority.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mr Pantry informed Mr Small, for the defence, of the discrepancy between the 12 January statement and Matadial\u2019s evidence about the telephone call after the shooting but did not consider it his duty to show him the statement.\u00a0 Nor, it seems, did he think it necessary to tell Mr Small that Matadial had adhered to her statement in this respect when making her addendum in May. This was clearly important when it is recalled that Matadial, when cross-examined about the discrepancy between the January statement and her evidence, gave the explanation that the earlier version was due to a mistake by the police.\u00a0 Matters were not improved for the defence when the trial judge refused Mr Small\u2019s application for the judge to look at the January statement for himself pursuant to section 17 of the Evidence Act. He gave as the ground for his refusal Matadial\u2019s acceptance that her statement to the police was incorrect, but Mr Pantry did not oppose the application and their Lordships consider that the judge would have done better to read the statement before giving his ruling.<\/span><\/p>\n

A comparison of the statements with the evidence of the two important witnesses reveals a small but not insignificant number of discrepancies, only<\/span> 256<\/b> one of which was disclosed by the Crown to the defence.\u00a0 What their Lordships find still more important in this case is that important evidence was adduced which had not been foreshadowed in the depositions.\u00a0 They consider that it was the Crown\u2019s clear duty to give advance warning of that evidence by furnishing the three statements to the defence. Failure to do this was in their Lordships\u2019 view a material irregularity: <\/span>R v Maguire<\/span><\/i> [1992] 2 WLR 767 at page 782.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Crown submitted that, even if the appellant\u2019s approach be accepted, the defence could not exclude admissible evidence, even if proper notice of it had not been given, and further argued that Zaidie\u2019s evidence (confirmed by the appellant) that an accident was not suggested in the telephone call to him was conclusive when taken with the incontrovertible circumstances of the shooting, thereby suggesting that the \u2018irregularities\u2019 were not material in the sense that the defence could have profited if they had not occurred.<\/span><\/p>\n

But, unless the proviso can be invoked, one must adopt the maxim that the more difficult (short of impossibility) is the defending advocate\u2019s task, the more vital it is to see that he does not labour under an unfair disadvantage.\u00a0 Had the statements been supplied, the defence could have planned their campaign, prepared a more effective cross-examination, been ready to object, if challenging admissibility, and been prepared to let the judge and jury see the statements if that course appeared to offer prospects of success.\u00a0 It could well be that Matadial was thoroughly discredited, even as the case ran, but with advance information her demolition could have been more clinically achieved, with perhaps a greater effect on the jury and with a better chance of involving Zaidie in the destruction of the Crown case on motive and malice.\u00a0 The joint credibility of Zaidie and Matadial was crucial and was bound to vary inversely to the credibility of the appellant. Taken at face value their evidence was a powerful counterweight to the tenuous defence of accident and the defence needed all the information it could get in order to decide how best to attack the Crown case.\u00a0 To take one example, the unavailability of Zaidie\u2019s statement helped to lead Mr Small, relying on the deposition, into the trap of suggesting that the witness had not previously alleged that the appellant had threatened the lives of Zaidie and Paulette, thereby giving the Crown the chance of introducing (as exhibits) deadly extracts from Zaidie\u2019s statement: <\/span>Fox v General Medical Council<\/span><\/i> [1960] 1 WLR 1017 and<\/span> Flanagan v Fahy<\/span><\/i> [1918] 2 IR 361.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is beside the point for the Crown to argue that the material in the statements, so far from helping the defence, was damaging.\u00a0 According to the evidence at the trial, only Zaidie bore witness to the appellant\u2019s telephoned confession; but the defence might have promoted a viable theory of conspiracy if they had been able to show that Matadial had also testified to a confession, then resiled from it in her deposition, taken the offensive again in her addendum and finally opted for a female voice in her evidence.\u00a0 Of course, another result of the withholding of the statement was that the trial judge and in their turn the Court of Appeal were ignorant of<\/span> 257<\/b> the contents of the statements and of the very existence of the May addendum.<\/span><\/p>\n

The appellant then complained that the trial judge had failed to direct the jury adequately with regard to the appellant\u2019s previous good character, in that he failed to point out that this is primarily relevant to the question of credibility.\u00a0 While the historical survey of Viscount Simon LC in<\/span> Stirland v Director of Public Prosecutions<\/span><\/i> [1944] AC 315 at pages 324 to 6 is both interesting and instructive, the modern case law all points the same way on this point; see<\/span> R v Bellis<\/span><\/i> [1966] 1 WLR 234, <\/span>R v Falconer-Atlee<\/span><\/i> (1973) 58 Cr App Rep 348, <\/span>R v Marr<\/span><\/i> (1989) 90 Cr App Rep 154, <\/span>R v Cohen<\/span><\/i> (1990) 91 Cr App Rep 125 and<\/span> R v Berrada<\/span><\/i> (1989) 91 Cr App Rep 131 (note).\u00a0 The last three cases are also authority for the proposition that it is proper, although not obligatory, for the trial judge to tell the jury that, as well as going to credibility, good character is relevant when considering whether the defendant is the kind of man who is likely to have behaved in the way that the prosecution alleged.\u00a0 But the primary point, one now has to accept, is the credibility. The Crown admitted that the judge\u2019s direction as to the effect of good character was flawed in the manner contended for by the appellant but, adopting the view of the Court of Appeal, while admitting the error, contended that it had caused no injustice.<\/span><\/p>\n

Their Lordships, however, did not feel able to accept this conclusion.\u00a0 Such case as the defence were able to make depended, like the defence in some of the cases cited above, almost entirely on the appellant\u2019s credibility if it was to have any prospect of success and therefore the misdirection was material.\u00a0 Had this been the only ground of complaint, their Lordships might have reached a different conclusion on the appeal.<\/span><\/p>\n

The last ground of appeal which their Lordships have to consider comprises a group of complaints under the general heading of the trial judge\u2019s treatment of the jury.\u00a0 The first of four complaints was that the trial judge exerted undue pressure by sending the jury out to consider their verdict at 5.28 pm after they had spent the day listening to the end of the prosecuting counsel\u2019s closing address and the whole of the summing-up, but their Lordships consider that this was a reasonable course to have taken.\u00a0 The second accusation of pressure was that the judge made clear his views concerning the appropriate verdict by his final remarks. These were reproduced in the appellant\u2019s case:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018The task is yours, you have to face it head-on.\u00a0 You cannot shrink from it. You swore, each and every one of you, to undertake this task; you must do so fearlessly and without fear or favour consider the evidence.\u00a0 My one wish for you is that you will be given the strength and the courage to deal with the matter in accordance with that great and solemn oath which you have taken.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the official transcript the judge\u2019s closing observations were as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0258<\/b><\/p>\n

\u2018You, the judges of facts, must now consider the verdict<\/span> in the light of the evidence which you have heard<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0 The task is yours, you have to face it head-on.\u00a0 You cannot shrink from it. You swore each and every one of you, to undertake this task, you must do so fearlessly and without fear or favour consider the evidence and let the chips lie where they fall.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018<\/span>The only consideration in this case is the evidence<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0 Deal with it, discuss the evidence amongst yourselves and when you have arrived at your verdict please return and<\/span> let me know how you find<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0 My one wish for you is that you will be given the strength and the courage to deal with the matter in accordance with that great and solemn oath which you have taken.\u2019\u00a0 [<\/span>emphasis supplied]<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The main thrust of this passage, it must be said, was to instil a measure of resolve into jurors who, even if intellectually convinced, might shrink from the unwelcome duty of convicting on a capital charge, but the words emphasised above show that the judge (who had earlier adverted to the burden of proof) was also telling the jury to concentrate on the evidence.\u00a0 He was using the common coin of the judicial language which is frequently employed to remind the jury of their duty in a serious case and their Lordships do not consider that he overstepped the limits of his obligation to ensure a fair trial.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thirdly, the appellant complains, the judge failed to deal with the problem which the jury indicated they had on returning to court after an hour\u2019s deliberation.\u00a0 Having ascertained that the problem related not to the law but to the evidence, he said:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018All right, well I have told you that the facts are for you; you have seen all the witnesses in the case, you have heard them and it is for you to assess their evidence and to decide which of them you believe, if any, which of them you disbelieve, if any.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The judge then gave a brief and accurate summary of the factual contest, adverted again to the burden of proof and reminded the jury that they were the sole judges of the facts.\u00a0 But he did not find out what was the problem which had brought the jury back into court and it is therefore impossible to tell whether anything said by the judge resolved the problem or not, because no-one knows what the problem was.\u00a0 Their Lordships have already met this difficulty in some other recent cases. The jury has sought assistance and, once it appears that the problem is one of fact, the judge has not inquired further but has merely given general guidance, as in the present case.\u00a0 The jury are entitled at any stage to the judge\u2019s help on the facts as well as on the law. To withhold that assistance constitutes an irregularity which may be material depending on the circumstances, since, if the jury return a \u2018Guilty\u2019 verdict, one cannot tell whether some misconception or irrelevance has played a part.\u00a0 If the judge fears that the foreman may unwittingly say something harmful, he should obtain the query from him in writing, read<\/span> 259<\/b> it, let counsel see it and then give openly such direction as he sees fit.\u00a0 If he has decided not to read out the query as it was written, he must ensure that it becomes part of the record.\u00a0 Failure to clear up a problem which is or may be legal will usually be fatal, unless the facts admit of only one answer, because it will mean that the jury may not have understood their legal duty.\u00a0 The effect of failure to resolve a factual problem will vary with the circumstance, but their Lordships need not decide how in this case they would have viewed such failure, seen in isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The trial judge concluded his supplementary directions with a reference to the need for the members of the jury to \u2018give and take\u2019 in their deliberations, while still adhering scrupulously to their jurors\u2019 oaths.\u00a0 The appellant\u2019s fourth sub-head of complaint was that the judge did this when the jury had been deliberating for only an hour, citing<\/span> R v McKenna<\/span><\/i> [1960] 1 QB 411, <\/span>R v Ashley<\/span><\/i> [1987] 1 WLR 712 and<\/span> R v Watson<\/span><\/i> [1988] QB 690.<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span> R v Walhein<\/span><\/i> (1952) 36 Cr App Rep 167, before the days of majority verdicts, after the jury had returned to court and one juror had said, \u2018I cannot in my own mind find him guilty of the charge which prosecuting counsel have not proved\u2019 the commissioner at the Central Criminal Court then said:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018You are a body of twelve men.\u00a0 Each of you has taken an oath to return a true verdict according to the evidence, but, of course, you have a duty not only as individuals, but collectively.\u00a0 No-one must be false to that oath, but in order to return a collective verdict, the verdict of you all, there must necessarily be argument, and a certain amount of give and take and adjustment of views within the scope of the oath you have taken, and<\/span> it makes for great public inconvenience and expense<\/span><\/i> if jurors cannot agree owing to the unwillingness of one of their number to listen to the arguments of the rest.\u00a0 Having said that, I can say no more. If you disagree in your verdict in relation to one or other of these men, you must say so.\u2019\u00a0 [<\/span>emphasis supplied<\/span><\/i>]<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Court of Criminal Appeal, in which Lord Goddard CJ presided, considered the direction to be perfectly satisfactory and the judgment referred specifically to the phrase emphasised above, which had no echo in the directions given in the present case.\u00a0 Their Lordships consider that the judge\u2019s direction here was both helpful and procedurally acceptable and indeed, subject to any practice which may hold sway in a particular jurisdiction, can see absolutely no objection to incorporating similar directions in the judge\u2019s original charge to the jury.<\/span><\/p>\n

The latest and perhaps the final pronouncement on the so-called<\/span> Walhein<\/span><\/i> direction was made by Lord Lane CJ presiding in a court of five judges in<\/span> R v Watson<\/span><\/i> [1988] QB 690.\u00a0 The court disapproved of the reference to inconvenience and expense (which the judge omitted in the present case) as increasing the risk that jurors might be seduced from their duty by the attractions of finality (a result, their Lordships would observe, which will<\/span> 260<\/b> usually favour the prosecution) and further considered the direction in the context of majority verdicts.\u00a0 At page 700 the court gave its approval to a shortened version of the direction (which, in the court\u2019s view, could properly be given at any stage).<\/span><\/p>\n

In their approach to the irregularities which have been discussed their Lordships gladly adopt what was said by the High Court of Australia in<\/span> Davies and Cody v R<\/span><\/i> (1937) 57 CLR 170 at page 180 and cited with approval by the Jamaican Court of Appeal in<\/span> R v Grant and Hewitt<\/span><\/i> (1971) 12 Jamaica LR 585:<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018From the beginning, the court has acted upon no narrow view of the cases covered by its duty to quash a conviction when it thinks that on any ground there was a miscarriage of justice \u2026 It has consistently regarded that duty as covering not only cases where there is affirmative reason to support that the appellant is innocent, but also cases of quite another description.\u00a0 For it will set aside a conviction whenever it appears unjust or unsafe to allow the verdict to stand because some failure has occurred in observing the conditions which, in the court\u2019s view, are essential to a satisfactory trial, or because there is some feature of the case raising a substantial possibility that, either in the conclusion itself, or in the manner in which it has been reached, the jury may have been mistaken or misled.\u00a0 This is the basis upon which the English court has set aside convictions resting upon identification conducted in an unfair or unsatisfactory manner.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

On this basis, the prima facie view is that the appellant\u2019s conviction should be quashed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Having reached that conclusion, their Lordships considered whether the case was one in which the proviso to section 14(1) of the Judicature (Appellate Jurisdiction) Act might suitably be applied to uphold the conviction.\u00a0 The fact that the charge is one of capital murder does not exclude that possibility: <\/span>Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions<\/span><\/i> [1935] AC 462 at pages 482, 483 <\/span>per<\/span><\/i> Viscount Sankey LC, a decision of the House of Lords which was noted in the judgment of this Board in<\/span> Anderson v R<\/span><\/i> [1972] AC 100, where both the Court of Appeal in Jamaica and the Board applied the proviso in a capital murder case (see also<\/span> The People v Rosario<\/span><\/i> 213 NYS 2d 448 (1961), in which the proviso was applied).\u00a0 But, as stated in<\/span> Anderson<\/span><\/i>, \u2018in cases of murder great care must be taken to see that there has been no miscarriage of justice\u2019 and the test, a strict one, has been described in<\/span> Woolmington<\/span><\/i> as whether \u2018if the jury had been properly directed they would inevitably have come to the same conclusion\u2019 and in<\/span> Stirland v Director of Public Prosecutions<\/span><\/i> [1944] AC 315 as involving \u2018a situation where a reasonable jury, after being properly directed, would on the evidence properly admissible without doubt convict\u2019.\u00a0 The case against the appellant was indeed a strong one and for that reason their Lordships would not be prepared simply to recommend that an acquittal be ordered, but they do not feel able to say that the jury would<\/span> 261<\/i><\/b> inevitably<\/span><\/i> have convicted, if the defence had been furnished in advance with the three statements in question and if the jury had received the accepted direction on evidence as to character and guidance from the trial judge on the problem, whatever it was, indicated when they first returned to court.<\/span><\/p>\n

Accordingly, their Lordships will humbly advise Her Majesty that the appeal should be allowed and the case remitted to the Court of Appeal with the direction that that court should quash the conviction of the appellant and either enter a verdict of acquittal or order a new trial, whichever course it considers proper in the interests of justice.\u00a0 Adopting as a precedent the order made by this Board in<\/span> Baksh v R<\/span><\/i> [1958] AC 167 at page 172, their Lordships consider that this is a case in which the right course is to rely for that purpose on the judicial discretion and experience of the court in Jamaica.\u00a0 The Crown must in any event pay to the appellant his costs of the appeal to the Board.<\/span><\/p>\n

Order accordingly.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0262<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Berry (Linton) v R JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL LORD KEITH OF KINKEL, LORD ROSKILL, LORD ACKNER, LORD JAUNCEY OF TULLICHETTLE AND LORD LOWRY 29, 30 JANUARY, 4 FEBRUARY, 15 JUNE 1992 Criminal evidence \u2013 Prosecution evidence \u2013 Disclosure to defence \u2013 Statements by crucial prosecution witnesses not disclosed to defence \u2013 Significant discrepancies between evidence in court and statements \u2013 Discrepancies not brought to attention of defence \u2013 Witness\u2019s evidence in court not foreshadowed at preliminary inquiry \u2013 Material irregularity Criminal evidence \u2013 Character evidence \u2013 Relevance to credibility \u2013 Failure of trial judge to bring relevance to…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-disclosure"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6697"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6697\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/martingeorge.net\/v2\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}